1Nowoczesna Stomatologia Malinowscy, Kollataja 9 Street, Kluczbork, Poland
2Specialist in Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics. Department of Experimental Dentistry and Dental Prophylaxis, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
Corresponding author details:
Joanna Slowik, Specialist in Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics
Department of Experimental Dentistry and Dental Prophylaxis
Jagiellonian University
Krakow,Poland
Copyright: © 2020 S?owik J, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 international License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Introduction: Socket preservation strategies are indicated to minimize loss of bone volumetric and density after tooth extraction. Leucocyte platelet rich fibrin is obtained from patient own blood through centrifugation, trapping growth factors and cytokines in the fibrin clot fraction.
Objectives: The aim of this review was to evaluate technique which includes using of platelet- rich fibrin L- PRF. Leucocyte platelet rich fibrin is obtained from patient own blood through centrifugation, trapping growth factors and cytokines in the fibrin clot fraction.
Conclusions: Use of L-PRF accelerates angiogenesis, soft and hard tissue healing, bone formation and tissue cicatrization what can significantly inhibit bone restoration after tooth extraction. Furthermore L- PRF membrane isolate wound from oral cavity environment what can limit inflammation. Leucocyte platelet rich fibrin has also antibacterial effect. Moreover using L- PRF decrease pain level, halitosis and other unpleasant sensations.
Results: The best results are obtained in combination with hydroxyapatite xenograft,
better than in techniques where L- PRF or xenograft are used alone. Tooth extraction should
be performed flapless and a traumatically using periotomes. Tooth should be sectioned
when it is possible.
PRF; L- PRF; Platelet rich fibrin; Socket preservation; Extraction socket
Socket preservation techniques involve surgical procedures which aim at preventing bone resorption, soft tissue collapse and keeping bone volumetry and density for future implantation. Extraction of a tooth usually leads to atrophy of alveolar ridge caused by resorption and remodeling of the bone. The bone level and volumetry of alveolar process is dependent on tooth and periodontal ligament presence. After extraction the loss of blood supply from periodontal ligament leads to atrophy of bundle bone and serious vertical and horizontal resorption [1,2].
These changes are lifelong and irreversible. The rate of atrophy is most significant during the 3-6 months following extraction [3]. The mandible is usually more affected than the maxilla, and the buccal plate is more commonly affected than its lingual/palatal counterparts [4]. Vertical bone involution varies from 0.7 mm to 1.5 mm in clinical studies and horizontal bone involution from 4.0 mm to 4.5 mm in the first 6 months following tooth loss [5].
Different biomaterials have been proposed to fill socket following extraction of a tooth
[6,7]. There are no clear guidelines which material is the best for application into a tooth
socket [8,9]. Systematic reviews concluded that xenografts performed better in comparison
with alloplastic materials in natural healing to preserve the level of the ridge [7]. Despite
the good results in volumetry following xenograft application, it may cause filling the socket
by non-vital bone, remnant particles, and connective tissue [7]. These remnants and bad
quality of the bone may decrease the osseointegration and bone-to-implant contact (BIC)
[10]. Socket grafted with alloplastic materials provided higher amount of vital bone and
least amount of remnant material in comparison with xenograft [7,11].
The most important factor determining success of socket preservation is flapless and a
traumatic extraction. Advantages of flapless approach like reduced healing time, discomfort
and inflammation, are widely described [12-14]. This method results in preservation of good blood supply to inner part of alveolar process- bundle bone and
inhibiting the resorption. Tooth extraction should be a traumatic using
periotomes and tooth should be sectioned whenever required [2].
In the recent years, high-platelet fibrin isolates have been used in oral surgery and other fields of medicine. Some of their applications include prevention of bone loss after tooth extraction with the Socket Preservation Technique, treatment of joint degeneration and synovial fluid and capsule restoration, stimulation of nerve repair, aiding hair growth, and regeneration of skin, muscles and ligaments. The regenerative potential of platelets was demonstrated in 1974 by Ross et al. [15]. In 2006 Choukroun et al. recognized Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF), which can be obtained through centrifugation, trapping growth factors and cytokines in the fibrin clot fraction [16,17].
L-PRF is obtained from the patient’s own centrifuged blood.
Three biological fibrin phases are separated. A layer of coagulated
red blood cells is located at the bottom of the tube. The middle layer
is the L-PRF layer –it contains a high amount of platelet aggregates,
leukocytes and growth factors and has the form of condensed elastic
gel, which can subsequently be compressed into a membrane for
application. The top layer is a liquid cell-free filtrate also known
as Platelet Poor Plasma (PPP) [18-20]. L-PRF contains 95% of
the platelets and 50% of the leukocytes from the original blood
sample [21].High-platelet fibrin has been shown to contain several
factors [19,21] such as the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF),
transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF β1), transforming growth
factor beta-2 (TGF β2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),
fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF),
interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 4 (IL4) [22] and a number of platelet-specific proteins (thromboglobulin)
and proteins not specific to platelets (fibrinogen, fibronectin,
fibrin, thrombospondin). Additionally, PRF has also been shown to
contain CD 34+ stem cells [19,23]. The transforming growth factor
beta-1 (TGF beta-1) regulates inflammation and is the strongest
fibrinogenic factor among cytokines. It induces intensive synthesis
of collagen and fibronectin. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
regulates the migration, proliferation and viability of mesenchymal
cell lines. Moreover, it plays a fundamental role in physiological scar
formation 21. Vessel-derived growth factor (VEGF) is a vascular
growth factor with the broadest spectrum of action. It is responsible
for initiation of angiogenesis, and various combinations of isoforms
of VEGF are responsible for remodeling or rebuilding the vascular
network. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is a mediator of inflammation control
and its main task is to stimulate T-helper cells. In combination with
TNF-alpha, it activates osteoclasts and stops bone formation [24].
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a differentiation factor for B-lymphocytes
and a T-lymphocyte activator. It significantly increases the secretion
of antibodies in B-lymphocyte populations, which supports the
reaction chains that cause inflammation, tissue destruction and
remodeling 22. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) activates
monocytes and stimulates the remodeling capacities of fibroblasts.
In addition, it increases phagocytosis and cytotoxicity of neutrophils
and regulates the expression of IL-1 and IL-6 factors [22,25].
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) supports the proliferation and differentiation of
activated B-lymphocytes. During inflammation, it supports healing by
regulating the inflammatory process. It increases fibroblast collagen
synthesis and inhibits IL-1 stimulation of MMP-1 and MMP-322.
There are also some reports that IL-4 limits the production of IL-1
beta, TNF-alpha and prostaglandins (PG) in response to endotoxin or
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) activation of cells [26,27]. Studies
have also reported the pro-regenerative [22] and antibacterial
effects of platelet-rich fibrin [28]. Due to its pro-regenerative nature,
platelet-rich fibrin is used for bone reconstruction after tooth
extractions, in implantology and as an agent thickening soft tissues
in perio-surgical procedures [29]. Based on these biochemical factors
researchers proposed using L- PRF to counteract atrophy after extraction, stimulate soft tissue regeneration, decrease pain level and
other unpleasant sensations.
In recent years many papers have been published on the effect
of L- PRF in socket preservation in human body. Soft tissue healing
was evaluated in two studies 33, 34. In both of them application of
L-PRF resulted in better condition of soft tissue and faster healing.
One study used Landry`s soft tissue healing index which includes
tissue color, alveolar ridge epithelialization, presence of granulation
tissue and suppuration, alveolar ridge epithelialization. The other
study used periodontal probe to measure and evaluate the level and
rate of soft tissue healing. Postoperative health-related quality of
life was rated in one study using questionnaire assessing patients’
perception of recovery in four main areas: pain, oral function, general
activities and other symptoms. Pain level measured by means of
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was significantly less intense in the first
three days following extraction in the PRF groups [30,31]. Patients
in those groups reported also less bad taste, less halitosis and lower
food accumulation in post- extraction wounds [30]. Hard tissue
healing was evaluated in three studies [32-34] but only two of them
concluded that L-PRF significantly reduced bone resorption [32,33]
and increased level of trabecular bone and bone volume. In one paper
there were no significant im provements in horizontal resorption
[34]. Horizontal changes of hard and soft tissue combined with
were measured in one study [34] which confirmed that L- PRF has a
positive effect on the horizontal bone level 2 months after extraction.
Histomorphometric analysis was presented in one study which
summarized that number of CD34+ cells and von WIllebrand factor
was slightly greater after use L-PRF 8 weeks after extraction [35].
In micro-CT analysis- Hauser et al. [32] found greater bone volume
in L-PRF group. Farina et al.35 didn`t find statistically significant
differences in bone density or volume. More recent papers seem
to confirm the conclusions of earlier authors. In the report of De
Angelis L- PRF mixed with xenograft results in lower bone resorption
than in groups where L- PRF or Xenograft were used alone [2]. Two
studies indicated the accuracy of the use of Xenograft combined
with platelet-rich fibrin and collagen plug [36,37]. One study
Temmerman, et al. [11] confirmed legitimacy of use L- PRF alone
and indicates a decrease of vertical and horizontal bone resorption.
L-PRF membranes isolate augmented socket from environment
of the oral cavity, which precludes open healing state and loss of
biomaterials what could affect the outcomes negatively [31]. Due to
its antibacterial effect, L- PRF can inhibit inflammation process [28].
Furthermore, L- PRF can accelerate tissue cicatrization, angiogenesis,
bone formation and wound covering epithelialization [32].
Based on above data, the use of leucocyte platelet-rich fibrin
L-PRF seems to be very promising for socket preservation. Use
of L-PRF accelerates angiogenesis, soft and hard tissue healing.
Nevertheless, the best results are obtained in combination with
hydroxyapatite xenograft. There is still necessity to conduct more
studies and work on procedure guidelines.
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